Have you ever wrestled with Satan?
Have you ever wrestled with Satan in the same way that the Man of God Wrestled with Jacob?
I have a very important question to ask everyone right now. Have you ever wrestled with Satan in the same way that Jacob wrestled with the Man of God? I am asking this question because I had a flashback recently. It happened in 1974 when I got into a fist fight with a 15-year-old boy. We got into a fist fight over a black fisted pick that people used to comb their hair. I fought this boy because he threatened my manhood over something that he could have purchased for himself.
Next, I fought with this boy because he threatened me with violence. I might have been younger, but that poor brother was limping after I got finished with him. He got away on his bike. I want to inform all of you that this boy was 6 years older than me. I want to say that I might not have wrestled with God, but this high school student got beat up by a 4th grade student. This is my first time mentioning this situation that happened 48 years ago.
Further, I want to inform all of you that was my Satan at the time because this boy was stupid to fight an elementary student. You see, one thing that I did at that time was kick another boy in his breadbasket because he was a boy who underestimated a 4th grader. At that time, I was living at 1119 West Third Street in Dayton, Ohio 45402.
I remember it because my mother lived close to 4 Aces Bar. I recall this event because my mother purchased this fisted pick for me. Jacob literally wrestled with God.
Moreover, I had the flashback because I was under a lot of stress. I recall that during the 1970s; I got chased home by dogs and people. I guess I was intimidated to live with my mother. I really did not like fist fighting with anyone. I might have fought and wrestled with a high school student.
The 15-year-old boy got killed 30 years later. He broke into a house and the owner shot and killed him.
In Addition, I want to say that Satan is capable of attacking your mind, and get you to do things that you would not normally do. It is true that Satan utilizes stumbling blocks to hinder your progress. I want to say that I remember getting chased home from school by boys and girls. I got into a fist fight with a girl when I was in the 5th grade. I started the fight with the girl by calling her out of her name.
Also, I want to inform all of you that my own sister used to beat me up. I guess I did not have any business fighting girls. Right now, people do not fight with their hands anymore. They would rather shoot you just to get you out of the way.
According to Genesis 32:23-32; The Man of God blessed Jacob because he wrestled with man and God and prevailed. Jacob got blessed in the end; even though his hip was out of socket.
Genesis 32:23-32
King James Version
23 And he took them, and sent them over the brook, and sent over that he had.
24 And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.
25 And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Jacob’s thigh was out of joint, as he wrestled with him.
26 And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me.
27 And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob.
28 And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed.
29 And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name? And he blessed him there.
30 And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved.
31 And as he passed over Penuel the sun rose upon him, and he halted upon his thigh.
32 Therefore the children of Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew that shrank.
Finally, I am writing this because Satan is capable of wrestling with you as well. I am writing this essay because I only want everyone to know that we have to be very careful when it comes to Satan because; According to 2nd Corinthians 11:14, it says that Satan masquerades as an Angel of Light. An ending to this type of blog will be to allow all of you to come to your conclusions about real life situations. I love all of you very much. I would like for all of you to please be watchful and careful at the same time. I am writing just to cope with a mental illness. Writing is therapy for me.
Sigmund Freudian Theory
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Sigmund Freud’s theory, while often referred to as a psychosexual theory, emphasizes the development of personality through stages focused on unconscious drives and early childhood experiences. These stages, which include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital, are characterized by different erogenous zones and potential fixations if needs aren’t met.
Here’s a more detailed breakdown of Freud’s key ideas:
Core Concepts:
- Unconscious Mind:Freud believed that a large part of our thoughts, feelings, and motivations are unconscious, influencing our behavior and personality.
- Id, Ego, and Superego:Freud proposed that the personality is composed of three structures: the id (primitive instincts), the ego (reality-oriented), and the superego (moral compass).
- Psychosexual Stages:Freud theorized that personality develops through a series of stages, each with a specific erogenous zone and potential conflicts that can lead to fixation if unresolved.
- Oral Stage (birth to 1 year): Pleasure focused on the mouth (sucking, eating).
- Anal Stage (1 to 3 years): Pleasure focused on bowel and bladder control.
- Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years): Pleasure focused on the genitals, Oedipus/Electra complex.
- Latency Stage (6 years to puberty): Sexual feelings are repressed, focus on social skills.
- Genital Stage (puberty to death): Sexual feelings reemerge, focus on relationships.
Key Takeaways:
- Early Experiences Matter:Freud emphasized that early childhood experiences and how conflicts are resolved during these stages significantly impact personality development.
- Fixation:If a person experiences too much or too little gratification during a particular stage, they may become “fixated” at that stage, leading to certain personality traits or behaviors later in life.
- Defense Mechanisms:Freud also proposed that individuals develop defense mechanisms to protect themselves from anxiety and unconscious conflicts.
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Originating in the work of Sigmund Freud, the psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which …https://iastate.pressbooks.pubPsychodynamic Theory: Freud – Individual and Family Development …… proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stagesMar 13, 2025https://www.simplypsychology.orgFreud’s Psychosexual Theory and 5 Stages of Human Development… the conflicts between the id, ego, and superego happen throughout a person’s life, but the results of those conflicts change as a person moves from child to …https://study.comFreud vs. Erikson’s Theories of Development | Overview & Stages
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Verywell Mindhttps://www.verywellmind.comFreud’s Stages of Human Development: 5 Psychosexual Stages
Jan 29, 2025 — Freud’s Stages of Human Development ; The Oral Stage · : Birth to 1 Year · : Mouth · Trust vs. Mistrust: Psychosocial Stage 1 ; The Anal Stage · : 1 …
UCF Pressbookshttps://pressbooks.online.ucf.eduPsychosexual and Psychosocial Theories of Development
According to psychosocial theory, we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood.
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Verywell Mindhttps://www.verywellmind.comFreudian Psychology: Sigmund Freud’s Theories and Ideas
Apr 2, 2024 — … psychosocial theory places more emphasis on one’s environment. Erikson’s and Freud’s theories also vary in terms of stages of development.
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YouTube · Professor LaMarr690+ views · 7 months agoCh. 1 Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
6:03Freud’s theory of self suggests that there are three parts of the self the ID is the part of the self that is inborn it responds to biological urges.
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English Vocabulary Test
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Top Result! Your English vocabulary size is 40,000!!
Wow!! You are an English expert!! The size of your vocabulary is super impressive since the average adult has about 20,000 to 35,000 words in their vocabulary. You are smarter than the average English adult! If your English teacher could see how the size of your vocabulary has grown since school, she would be extremely proud! Continue to impress and be extraordinary!
You Passed!! You Are In The Top 4%.You passed the geography test 96% of the population fails. You love to travel, have an eager power of observation, and always keep in mind aims and objectives. You have respect for the subject of geography, and a quality of leadership and direction. But do you like collecting things? And do people tell you you’re a good story teller? Let us know in a comment below.
Sponsorship
Good Day!! My name is Anthony H. and I am a grateful recovering alcoholic. I would like to share my experience, strength, and hope regarding Sponsorship.
First of all, I would like to say that having a sponsor is the first and foremost when it comes to communication with other members. For me personally, I was court ordered into the fellowship by the Dayton, Ohio Montgomery Common Pleas Courts simply because I committed drug related crimes. I also had a mental illness as well. To be honest with all of you, having a sponsor is a person who is capable of assisting me and giving me advice while in the program.
I know that my very first sponsor and I got into a fist fight because he was too demanding. He really did not know how to be a sponsor and he got mad at me because I was in the streets too much for him.
Even though, I had completed the 12 Steps, I was a person who was a follower of the streets. I was transitioning out of the street gang culture, and it was very hard at first, but I had to take care of myself and my own family.
Sponsors are people who are experienced in the AA Program. I will admit that I am a Sponsor myself and the people who I am sponsoring are involved in street gangs. There are 3 of them who had recently relapsed and I told them that I will be there for them after they are released from treatment.
I had advised and suggested to the men to attend meetings on a daily basis. I also told these men that they have to avoid having a sexual relationship for one year. They had to abstain from having a relationship with a woman.
These men had to get themselves together first and foremost. I help them with things that pertain to Alcoholics Anonymous. My suggestion to a newcomer in the Fellowship is to attend 90 meetings in 90 days, read the 164 pages of the AA Book. I also tell newcomers to also call me if they are interested in me as a sponsor. I also tell newcomers that they will have to establish a relationship with a Higher Power or God.
My objective as a sponsor is to help each person and myself to get through the 12 Steps. I can only advise and suggest to another fellow alcoholic. I cannot tell them what to do. I can show them a better way of life that is much better than drinking and getting high. My name is Anthony H. from Dayton, Ohio and I am a grateful recovering alcoholic. My topic is Sponsorship. My sobriety date is May 2, 1990.Thanks for allowing me to share.
Good Day Everyone! My name is Anthony Joseph Hopkins & I have been clean and sober for going on 35 years now. I want to inform all of you that my 2025 year has been very difficult for me. Although, I have contracted COVID-19 while I was incarcerated at the Dayton Ohio Montgomery County Jail. I was arrested for an assault charge. I was in Jail during the week of Christmas and New Year’s 2024. I was released from Jail on January 7, 2025 at 3:00PM. I also got evicted out of my apartment on Tuesday January 21, 2025.
Finally, I want to say that I have a lot of gratitude about life itself. Sponsorship is very important to me because I have an opportunity to share my experience, strength, and hope all of the time.
I still have some character defects that I need to receive prayer from everyone who is in any form of recovery. I have to ask God to bridle my tongue because; as of late, I have been using a great deal of vulgarity towards my family members as well as those who are responsible for computer hacking me, while I am online each day of the week. I will admit that I have been acting like a newcomer in the AA Fellowship. This is because I have been behaving like a toddler. I want to inform everyone that I will be 60 years old on June 24th of this year. Please pray for me & my family members, so that as a family, we will learn how to acknowledge each other as a member of a family unit. Jeremiah 10:23 says: O Lord I know that the way of man is not in himself; it is not in man who walks to direct his own steps. This means that God is doing for us more than we are doing for ourselves.
My name is Anthony Joseph Hopkins and I am a Born-again Christian Man, and a Grateful Recovering Alcoholic. Thank you & God Bless You . Please have a wonderful day.
Sponsorship & Alcoholics Anonymous!
Good Day!! My name is Anthony H. and I am a grateful recovering alcoholic. I would like to share my experience, strength, and hope regarding Sponsorship. First of all, I would like to say that having a sponsor is the first and foremost when it comes to communication with other members. For me personally, I was court ordered into the fellowship by the Dayton, Ohio Montgomery Common Pleas Courts simply because I committed drug related crimes. I also had a mental illness as well. To be honest with all of you, having a sponsor is a person who is capable of assisting me and giving me advice; while in the program.
I know that my very first sponsor and I got into a fist fight because he was too demanding. He really did not know how to be a sponsor and he got mad at me because I was in the streets too much for him. Even though, I had completed the 12 Steps, I was a person who was a follower of the streets. I was transitioning out of the street gang culture, and it was very hard at first, but I had to take care of myself and my own family. Sponsors are people who are experienced in the AA Program. I will admit that I am a Sponsor myself and the people who I am sponsoring are involved in street gangs. There are 3 of them who had recently relapsed and I told them that I will be there for them after they are released from treatment.
I had advised and suggested to the men to attend meetings on a daily basis. I also told these men that they have to avoid having a sexual relationship for one year. They had to abstain from having a relationship with a woman. These men had to get themselves together first and foremost. I help them with things that pertain to Alcoholics Anonymous. My suggestion to a newcomer in the Fellowship is to attend 90 meetings in 90 days, read the 164 pages of the AA Book. I also tell newcomers to also call me if they are interested in me as a sponsor. I also tell newcomers that they will have to establish a relationship with a Higher Power or God.
My objective as a sponsor is to help each person and myself to get through the 12 Steps. I can only advise and suggest to another fellow alcoholic. I cannot tell them what to do. I can show them a better way of life that is much better than drinking and getting high. My name is Anthony H. from Dayton, Ohio and I am a grateful recovering alcoholic. My topic is Sponsorship. My sobriety date is May 2, 1990.Thanks for allowing me to share.
Good Day Everyone! My name is Anthony Joseph Hopkins & I have been clean and sober for going on 35 years now. I want to inform all of you that my 2025 year has been very difficult for me. Although, I have contracted Covid 19 while I was incarcerated at the Dayton Ohio Montgomery County Jail. I was arrested for an assault charge. I was in Jail during the week of Christmas and New Years 2024. I was released from Jail on January 7, 2025 at 3:00PM. I also got evicted out of my apartment on Tuesday January 21, 2025.
Finally, I want to say that I have a lot of gratitude about life itself. Sponsorship is very important to me because I have an opportunity to share my experience, strength, and hope all of the time. I still have some character defects that I need to receive prayer from everyone who is in any form of recovery. I have to ask God to bridle my tongue because; as of late, I have been using a great deal of vulgarity towards my family members as well as those who are responsible for computer hacking me, while I am online each day of the week. I will admit that I have been acting like a newcomer in the AA Fellowship. This is because I have been behaving like a toddler. I want to inform everyone that I will be 60 years old on June 24th of this year. Please pray for me & my family members, so that as a family, we will learn how to acknowledge each other as a member of a family unit. Jeremiah 10:23 says: O Lord I know that the way of man is not in himself; it is not in man who walks to direct his own steps. This means that God is doing for us more than we are doing for ourselves.
My name is Anthony Joseph Hopkins and I am a Born Again Christian Man, and a Grateful Recovering Alcoholic. Thank you & God Bless You 🙌 🙏. Please have a wonderful day.
What is a Scapegoat?
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A scapegoat is an individual or group unfairly blamed for problems, failures, or negative outcomes, often to deflect responsibility from those truly at fault, originating from a biblical ritual where a goat symbolically bore the sins of the people.
Here’s a more detailed explanation:
- Biblical Origins:The term “scapegoat” comes from the Old Testament, specifically the Jewish ritual of Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).
- Symbolic Burden:On this day, a goat was chosen, and the sins of the community were symbolically placed upon its head.
- Expulsion:The goat was then sent into the wilderness, carrying the sins away.
- Modern Usage:Today, “scapegoat” refers to anyone or any group that is unfairly blamed for something they are not responsible for.
- Deflection of Responsibility:Scapegoating is often used as a way to avoid taking responsibility for one’s own actions or mistakes.
- Psychological Defense Mechanism:For individuals, scapegoating can be a psychological defense mechanism, allowing them to project their own negative feelings or shortcomings onto others.
- Harmful Effects:Scapegoating can be deeply damaging to the person or group being blamed, leading to feelings of injustice, shame, and isolation.
What is “scapegoating”? (Glossary of Narcissistic Relationships)
Apr 4, 2020 — and every narcissist sadly needs a punching bag. and anyone who has ever had a narcissistic parent. knows about scapegoating because if it didn’t hap…
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What Is Scapegoating And Why Is It Harmful? – BetterHelp
Feb 19, 2025 — What is being scapegoated? For instance, let’s say parents picked up their children from school, drove home, and went inside without locking the car…
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Scapegoating – Wikipedia
Unwanted thoughts and feelings can be unconsciously projected onto another who becomes a scapegoat for one’s own problems. This concept can be extended to proje…
Wikipedia
Scapegoating – Beyond Intractability
For individuals, scapegoating is a psychological defense mechanism of denial through projecting responsibility and blame on others. [2] It allows the perpetrato…
Beyond Intractability
What is a Scapegoat? (Easy 2 Minute Overview) – YouTube
Feb 19, 2025 — A scapegoat is an individual or group unfairly blamed for problems, failures, or negative outcomes, often to deflect responsibility from those truly…
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Helpful Professor Explains!
SCAPEGOAT Definition & Meaning – Dictionary.com
“Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged” 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 20…
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Scapegoat
In the Bible, a scapegoat is one of a pair of kid goats that is released into the wilderness, taking with it all sins and impurities, while the other is sacrificed. The concept first appears in the Book of Leviticus, in which a goat is designated to be cast into the desert to carry away the sins of the community. WikipediaMore
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DictionaryDefinitions from Oxford Languages · Learn morescape·goatnoun1.a person who is blamed for the wrongdoings, mistakes, or faults of others, especially for reasons of expediency.Similar:whipping boyvictimAunt Sallygoatfall guypatsy2.(in the Bible) a goat sent into the wilderness after the Jewish chief priest had symbolically laid the sins of the people upon it (Lev. 16).verbmake a scapegoat of.”few things are harder for kids to bear than being scapegoated”See more
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Merriam-Websterhttps://www.merriam-webster.comSCAPEGOAT Definition & Meaning
Mar 15, 2025 — scapegoated; scapegoating; scapegoats. transitive verb. : to make a … scapegoatscapegoat. Share. Share. Subscribe. Subscribe. Amazon Music …
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Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.orgScapegoat
A scapegoat is one of a pair of kid goats that is released into the wilderness, taking with it all sins and impurities, while the other is sacrificed.
ScapegoatingThe Scapegoat (painting)Scapegoat (disambiguation)
They are clearly a group of people who aren’t motivated enough to find their own scapegoats. … They aren’t about to fire him simply to find a scapegoat to …
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For my fellow scapegoats…10+ comments · 1 month agor/CPTSDmemesReddit
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Dictionary.comhttps://www.dictionary.comSCAPEGOAT Definition & Meaning
So feeding distrust in government primes people to look for scapegoats. From Salon. As of the time I’m writing this, he’s the scapegoat for whoever set the …
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Verywell Mindhttps://www.verywellmind.comWhat Does It Mean to Be the Family Scapegoat?
Nov 12, 2024 — The scapegoat, then, bears the burden of taking on the misdeeds of a tribe, community, or family. How Scapegoats Are Chosen. There are myriad …
Videos
15:19What is “scapegoating”? (Glossary of Narcissistic Relationships)YouTube · DoctorRamaniApr 4, 2020
Scapegoating is a common dynamic in narcissistic relationships where a person is blamed and mistreated by the narcissist.
2:37What is a Scapegoat? (Easy 2 Minute Overview)YouTube · Helpful Professor Explains!1 month ago
A scapegoat is a person group or thing that is unfairly blamed for problems or negative events that they did not cause.
5:56What is Scapegoating ? | Dr. David HawkinsYouTube · Dr. David Hawkins1 month ago
Scapegoating is when the perpetrator the emotional abuser blam nams the other for things that they didn’t do.
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Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.orgScapegoating
For the religious and ritualistic sense of the word, see Scapegoat. Scapegoating is the practice of singling out a person or group for unmerited blame and …
Christus VictorIdentified patientWhipping boy
Vocabulary.comhttps://www.vocabulary.comScapegoat – Definition, Meaning & Synonyms
scapegoat. Add to list Share. /ˌskeɪpˈgoʊt/. /ˈskeɪpgəʊt/. IPA guide. Other forms: scapegoating; scapegoats; scapegoated … scapegoatscapegoatingscapegoats …
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Handwritten Evidence
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Yes, a handwritten note can be admissible in court, but its admissibility depends on proving its authenticity and relevance to the case.
Here’s a more detailed explanation:
- Authentication is Key:To be admitted as evidence, the party offering the handwritten note must demonstrate to the court that it is genuine and was indeed written by the person they claim wrote it.
- Methods of Authentication:This can be done through various means, including:
- Witness Testimony: A witness who saw the person write the note or is familiar with their handwriting can testify to its authenticity.
- Comparison with Known Handwriting: The court can compare the handwriting on the note with known, authentic handwriting samples of the alleged writer.
- Distinctive Characteristics: The appearance, contents, or other unique features of the note can be used to establish its authenticity.
- Expert Testimony: In some cases, a handwriting expert can analyze the handwriting and provide an opinion on its authenticity.
- Relevance:The handwritten note must also be relevant to the issues in the case.
- Hearsay Rule:If the note contains statements that the witness did not hear or see, it may be inadmissible as hearsay, unless it falls under an exception to the hearsay rule.
- Notarization:While notarization can strengthen the enforceability of a handwritten contract, it is not required for its validity.
- Contract Validity:Handwritten contracts are legally binding if they meet the necessary conditions of a contract, such as mutual agreement, capacity, consideration, and legal validity.
Notarizing a handwritten document? Stick to Notary basics and you’ll …
The law cares about the substance of the document’s content, not so much about the format of the paper instrument. If the content is satisfactory and the certif…
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Rule 901. Authenticating or Identifying Evidence – Cornell Law School
(3) Comparison by an Expert Witness or the Trier of Fact . A comparison with an authenticated specimen by an expert witness or the trier of fact. (4) Distinctiv…
Cornell Law School
Is Your Handwriting Expert’s Testimony… – Frost Brown Todd
Mar 4, 2004 — CSX Transportation, Inc., 955 S.W. 2d 257 (Tenn. 1997), that Tennessee trial courts should apply the more narrow state rules of evidence. This means …
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The use of handwritten documents at trials
Jun 6, 2017 — When a party wishes to have a handwritten document admitted into evidence, that party must show that the handwriting of its maker – the person who wr…
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How Handwriting Analysis Works – Science | HowStuffWorks
Oct 23, 2023 — When there’s a suspect in a crime and the evidence includes a handwritten note, investigators may call in handwriting experts to see if there’s a ma…
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Jun 18, 2024 — Despite these challenges, forensic handwriting analysis tends to produce reliable results. A 2022 study of 7,196 opinions by experienced forensic do…
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Handwritten contracts are legally binding if they meet the necessary conditions that apply to all contracts: mutual agreement, capacity, consideration, and lega…
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Hearsay: Definition & Admissibility [Rules 801, 802] | NC PRO
Dec 1, 2023 — Hearsay is not admissible in evidence unless it is specifically allowed by an exception in the rules of evidence or another statute.
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5 Ways to Authenticate Handwriting in Court – FindLaw
Mar 21, 2019 — In order to get handwritten evidence admitted into court, state and federal rules of evidence generally require that you first establish its authent…
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Are Handwritten Contracts Legal and Enforceable in Court? – UpCounsel
Feb 4, 2025 — Handwritten agreements are generally enforceable as long as they meet legal contract requirements, including offer, acceptance, consideration, and mu…
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Handwriting Evidence in the Federal Court System
In any proceeding before a court or judicial officer of the United States, where the genuineness of the handwriting of any person may be involved, any admitted …
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… The admitted or proved handwriting of any person shall be admissible, for purposes of comparison, to determine genuineness of other handwriting attributed …https://www.law.cornell.eduRule 901. Authenticating or Identifying Evidence – Cornell Law School… by someone not present to testify would normally be considered hearsay, and would not be admissible if you know how to make and argue the proper objectionsAug 18, 2015https://www.avvo.comCan a typed up letter be admissible in court? – Legal Answers – Avvo
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If the content is satisfactory and the certificate wording meets the requirements of your state’s laws, a handwritten notarial certificate is acceptable.https://www.nationalnotary.orgNotarizing a handwritten document? Stick to Notary basics and you’ll be …A handwritten will that meets witness requirements is admissible to probate in most states.May 6, 2022https://www.findlaw.comIs a Handwritten Will Legally Valid? – FindLaw
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Quorahttps://www.quora.comCan handwriting be used as evidence against someone in court?
Yes, handwriting can be used as evidence in court. Handwriting experts can analyze and compare handwriting samples to determine authorship.
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Jun 6, 2017 — When a party wishes to have a handwritten document admitted into evidence, that party must show that the handwriting of its maker – the person who wrote the …
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Jun 18, 2024 — The work of a handwriting expert witness is admissible in court under both the Daubert and Frye standards. For example, in Wolf v. Ramsey, the …
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Mar 21, 2019 — You must prove to the court’s satisfaction that the handwritten document was genuinely written by the person you’ve identified as the writer.
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UpCounselhttps://www.upcounsel.comAre Handwritten Contracts Legal and Enforceable in Court?
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Mar 6, 2024 — Explanation: In legal proceedings, handwritten field notes can indeed be demanded as evidence in a court case if they are relevant to the case.
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President Trump SSA Issues
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Trump Administration Action Against Social Security Judges Threatens Fair Access to Benefits
March 14, 2025
| By Kathleen Romig
The Trump Justice Department announced on February 20 that it believes the legal protections against firing administrative law judges (ALJs) — independent judges who serve at executive branch agencies — are unconstitutional and does not plan to follow existing law that protects ALJs from being removed without cause.[1] This action, one of a series of Administration moves targeting independent officials or agencies within the executive branch,[2] is a major assault on the independence of ALJs and risks undermining fair access to Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits, with other potential harmful consequences across the federal government.
The large majority of ALJs work at the Social Security Administration (SSA). (See box, “Administrative Law Judges Also Protect Workers, Consumers, Investors.”) SSA ALJs decided nearly 425,000 cases in 2024. While they hear appeals from Social Security and SSI applicants and beneficiaries, ALJs are particularly important in ensuring fair access to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits. In a typical year, more than three-quarters of applicants for SSDI are denied at the initial level of the application process. Of those denied, about one-third appeal their cases to an ALJ. In total, of all the claims that are approved, roughly one-quarter are approved following an appeal to an ALJ.
ALJs help ensure that claimants’ applications for benefits are treated fairly and impartially based on the eligibility rules. Independent ALJs provide at least two critical benefits to the hearing process at SSA. First, they increase the likelihood that an eligible claimant receives the benefits they are entitled to, despite more cursory denials earlier in the process. Second, they give all claimants the opportunity to meet with decision-makers face to face and explain their situation.
The Administration’s assertion that it can remove ALJs without cause eliminates a key source of ALJs’ judicial independence by raising the specter that the Administration could retaliate against ALJs if it dislikes their decisions, pressure ALJs to deny disability claims more aggressively under threat of removal, or replace existing ALJs with unqualified or ideologically motivated judges. Even the possibility that such pressure could be applied risks robbing the system of trust, which could lead many more claimants to seek relief by appealing SSA benefits denials to federal court, the last possible level of review. Such a development would reduce the efficiency of the SSA hearing process and contribute to significant judicial backlogs, delaying restitution and resolution in cases far beyond SSA.
Social Security Administration Employs Most Federal ALJs
Administrative law judges serve as judges for executive branch agencies. By law, they have judicial independence and perform a role similar to the trial judges who preside over civil cases.[3] Some 86 percent of federal ALJs are employed by SSA in its Office of Hearings Operations.[4] (See Figure 1.) SSA’s 1,121 ALJs decided nearly 425,000 cases in 2024.[5]
SSA ALJs hear appeals from Social Security and SSI applicants and beneficiaries. They hold hearings, issue decisions, and review post-hearing appeals. They work, along with support staff, in SSA’s nationwide network of nearly 200 hearings offices, which gives claimants the opportunity for in-person hearings.[6] Most of their cases involve applications for disability benefits after SSA initially denied a claim. Since most disability claims are initially denied, the ability to appeal to a neutral and independent interpreter of complex eligibility rules is critical to giving claimants confidence that the process is trustworthy and the decision is fair.
Administrative Law Judges Also Protect Workers, Consumers, Investors
Outside of SSA, ALJs work across dozens of federal agencies, helping ensure that powerful or politically connected firms in industries like health care, energy, and finance adhere to the same standard of the law as everyone else. For example, ALJs review evidence, resolve disputes, and, in some instances, determine recommended penalties or sanctions in cases involving allegations of:
- Unjustified Medicare claims denials or fraudulent health care billings by medical providers (Department of Health and Human Services);
- Workforce safety, overtime, or child labor violations or other unfair labor practices by employers (Department of Labor and the National Labor Relations Board);
- Illegal rate-setting or price-fixing by energy companies (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission); and
- Violations of securities and futures laws (Securities and Exchange Commission and Commodity Futures Trading Corporation).
In the early 2010s, after the quality of ALJ decisions came under scrutiny, SSA took a number of steps to ensure more consistent decision-making. SSA now monitors ALJs closely to identify those with extremely high or low allowance rates, assesses the quality of ALJ decisions by reviewing a sample of allowances before they take effect, and limits the number of cases per ALJ to protect against hasty decisions. It also has given ALJs new tools to help them review their own performance.[7] Following those reforms, SSA ALJs approve a significantly smaller share of the disability cases they review. (See Figure 2.)
Impartial ALJs Help Ensure Applicants Get Full Hearing, Fair Decision
People applying for disability benefits must submit an application along with extensive medical records and other documentation. SSA field office staff review those materials to determine whether the applicant meets the non-medical criteria for benefit eligibility. In SSDI, “technical denials” for failure to meet those criteria typically occur when an applicant hasn’t worked long enough. For applications that do meet the non-medical criteria, a disability examiner in the Disability Determination Service (DDS), a state-level agency that contracts with SSA, then determines whether the applicant is eligible based on the medical criteria. If a claim is denied, the applicant may seek reconsideration — essentially a review of the same materials by a different DDS examiner.
An applicant who is denied upon reconsideration may seek a de novo hearing — that is, an in-depth review of their case by an ALJ, who will make an independent determination of the facts without being bound by previous decisions. An ALJ hearing is also the first time an applicant can make their case in person (or via telephone or video) and offer testimony, since prior reviews are decided based on the submitted documents alone. Hearings are also distinct because ALJs may call witnesses to help inform their decision, including medical or vocational experts. In addition, applicants typically have a lawyer or other representative at the hearing stage to help them present the facts of their case, and they may submit new evidence.[8]
Typically, case files are much more developed at the hearing stage. After the hearing, the ALJ issues a written decision. (Typically, ALJs are assisted by a decision writer. Some of these decision writers have already been fired by the Trump Administration, along with other “probationary” federal employees, which will likely cause further delays in the already lengthy appeals process.[9])
In a typical year, about one-third of SSDI applicants who are denied at the initial level appeal their cases to an ALJ.[10] In about half of those cases, ALJs approve their claims; these approvals constitute roughly one-quarter of the claims that are allowed. In all, about 8 percent of SSDI applications — those ultimately accepted or denied — are approved by ALJs. (See Figure 3.) While an ALJ hearing can be quite involved, it is a relatively efficient way to address the hundreds of thousands of appeals that might otherwise end up in federal court.
Every applicant’s situation is unique; because ALJs can consider more evidence in greater depth than DDS disability examiners and can call upon expert testimony, they are better able to judge whether more complex or unusual claims meet the vocational or medical eligibility standards. For example, applicants whose impairment does not meet one of the listed medical criteria for eligibility but is “medically equal” to the criteria — perhaps through a combination of impairments that together are equal in severity and duration to any listed impairment — are more likely to be denied before receiving a hearing with an ALJ.
Finally, ALJs often see claimants whose condition has deteriorated since their initial application. The lag between application and hearing is typically over two years.[11] A large fraction of disability applicants have degenerative conditions, which often become measurably worse by the time of their hearings.
Threatening ALJ Independence Would Undermine Due Process, Risk Access to Earned Benefits
The role of the ALJ is to help ensure that claimants’ applications for benefits are treated fairly and impartially based on the eligibility rules in place. Independent ALJs provide at least two critical benefits to the hearing process at SSA. First, they increase the likelihood that an eligible claimant receives the benefits they are entitled to, despite more cursory denials earlier in the process. Second, they give all claimants the opportunity to meet with decision-makers face to face and explain their situation. Claimants often experience the disability determination process as impersonal, arbitrary, and even dehumanizing; the opportunity to be heard by independent fact-finders legitimizes the process and maintains some degree of trust in the federal government.
To maintain their independence, for nearly 80 years ALJs have been legally protected from being fired unless for good cause, as determined by the independent Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). Congress enacted the 1946 law that provides this protection, the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), after a series of Supreme Court cases in the 1930s found that ALJs were “mere tools of the agency concerned and subservient to the agency heads in making their proposed findings of fact and recommendations.”[12] The APA’s removal protections are designed to reduce political interference in ALJ decisions and ensure their independence.
The Trump Justice Department announced on February 20 that it believes ALJ removal protections are unconstitutional and does not plan to follow existing law that protects ALJs from being removed without cause.[13] (Ten days earlier, President Trump had fired Cathy Harris, the MSPB chair appointed by President Biden, from the board, though she sued to prevent her removal and a federal judge recently ruled that the firing was illegal.)[14] The Justice Department announcement claimed this decision is “in accordance with Supreme Court precedent,” but in fact the most recent Supreme Court case challenging ALJs’ independence, Securities and Exchange Commission v. Jarkesy in 2024, explicitly did not rule on removal protections for ALJs.[15]
If the Administration can remove ALJs at will, it is free to use the threat of removal to pressure them to base their decisions on the Administration’s priorities rather than the facts of the case and to replace ALJs who refuse to go along. Many claimants, fearing that such pressure could be applied, would likely seek relief in federal courts, contributing to significant judicial backlogs and thus delaying restitution and resolution in cases far beyond SSA.
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PDF of this report (6 pp.)
Report
Many Trump Administration Personnel Actions Are Unlawful
February 14, 2025
Blog
Disability Allowance Rates Fall as Social Security Strengthens Oversight of Hearings
February 10, 2015
Policy Basics
Social Security
- Federal Payroll Taxes
- Social Security Disability Insurance
- Supplemental Security Income
- Top Ten Facts about Social Security
- Understanding the Social Security Trust Funds
End Notes
[1] Department of Justice, “Statement from Justice Department Chief of Staff Chad Mizelle,” February 20, 2025, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-justice-department-chief-staff-chad-mizelle.
[2] David Super, “Many Trump Administration Personnel Actions Are Unlawful,” CBPP, February 14, 2025, https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-budget/many-trump-administration-personnel-actions-are-unlawful#ending-the-independence-of-independent-cbpp-anchor.
[3] Congressional Research Service (CRS), “Administrative Law Judges: An Overview,” https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20100413_RL34607_75118bdf564447ead99d9e735c2122f1865f909d.pdf.
[4] U.S. Office of Personnel Management, “Administrative Law Judges,” https://www.opm.gov/services-for-agencies/administrative-law-judges/#url=By-Agency.
[5] SSA, “Caseload Analysis Report,” https://socsecnews.blogspot.com/2025/02/note-amount-of-overtime.html.
[6] Social Security Administration (SSA), “Hearings and Appeals,” https://www.ssa.gov/appeals//ho_locator.html; SSA, “Annual Statistical Supplement, 2024,” https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2024/2f1-2f3.html.
[7] Paul Van de Water, “Disability Allowance Rates Fall as Social Security Strengthens Oversight of Hearings,” CBPP, February 10, 2015, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/disability-allowance-rates-fall-as-social-security-strengthens-oversight-of-hearings.
[8] SSA, “Social Security Administration (SSA) Annual Data for Representation at Social Security Hearings,” https://www.ssa.gov/data/representation-at-ssa-hearings.html.
[9] Eli Hager, “Anxiety Mounts Among Social Security Recipients as DOGE Troops Settle In,” ProPublica, February 22, 2025, https://www.propublica.org/article/doge-social-security-elon-musk-trump-closures-benefits.
[10] SSA, “Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program, 2023,” https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/2023/sect04.html.
[11] SSA, “Social Security performance,” https://www.ssa.gov/ssa-performance.
[12] Quoted in Benjamin M. Barczewski, “Removal Protections for Administrative Adjudicators: Constitutional Scrutiny and Considerations for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, September 21, 2022, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10823.
[13] Department of Justice.
[14] Tom Jackman, “Federal judge rules Trump’s firing of merit board chair was illegal,” Washington Post, March 4, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2025/03/04/trump-firing-cathy-harris-mspb-illegal/.
[15] While the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit had ruled in this case that the removal protections afforded to ALJs in the Securities and Exchange Commission unconstitutionally infringed on the President’s authority to remove officers of the United States, the Supreme Court declined to address the Fifth Circuit decision on this question. See Daniel T. Shedd, “SEC v. Jarkesy: Constitutionality of Administrative Enforcement Actions,” Congressional Research Service, September 16, 2024, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB11229.
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